The Anatomy of French Si Clauses

All French si clauses have two fundamental parts: the conditional clause (if) and the result clause (then). Note that in French, for si clauses, there’s not exactly an equivalent to “then” in English.

The Conditional Clause

In a sentence, the conditional clause is the part that uses si (if). It can go either at the beginning or the end of the sentence. Check this out:

Si tu veux apprendre, va à l’école. (If you want to learn, go to school.)

Here, the conditional clause, si tu veux apprendre (if you want to learn), is at the beginning of the sentence.

Likewise, I can put the conditional clause at the end.

Va à l’école si tu veux apprendre. (Go to school if you want to learn.)

Just like in English, we can change the position of si (if) and preserve the meaning. Note that we’re using (tu) va instead of (tu) vas because we’re using the imperative conjugation (giving orders).

The Result Clause

The result clause is the part of the sentence that describes what happens, will happen, would happen or would’ve happened in the event of the conditional clause. Even if words in French for “then” exist (ensuite, puis), they’re not used here like in English.

Si tu veux apprendre, ____ va à l´école. 

Note the absence of “then.”

Additional Uses for Si

Si is a versatile word in French that can be translated several different ways. In addition to “if,” si can mean “yes” when we’re contradicting a statement.

Mais si je veux aller! (But I do want to go!)

It can also mean “so.”

Il est si intelligent que…. (He is so smart that…)

First Conditional Clause

As I explained above, the tense we use in our “if” clause determines whether we’re talking about events that might happen, could’ve happened, will probably happen, etc.

It’s very important to understand the tense combinations in the three French si clauses. Let’s check out the first conditional clause.

The first conditional clause is used to describe likely events. The conditional clause has to be in the present tense, but the result clause can be in the present, future or imperative.

Present

Si nous avons de l’argent, elle nous vend des boissons. (If we have money, she sells us drinks.)

In this case, we’re talking about something that always happens: if A, then B.

Future

Il m’aidera si j’ai des problèmes. (He will help me if I have problems.)

Here, we’re talking about something that will definitely happen if a certain condition is met. Note how I switched the result clause.

Imperative

Si tu veux voyager, voyage! (If you want to travel, travel!)

Here, we’re giving a command if a condition is met. Note the imperative conjugation of voyager (to travel).

Second Conditional Clause

The second conditional clause describes events that are less likely to happen. It requires an imperfect verb in the conditional clause and a conditional verb in the result clause. (Note that the conditional verb tense is not the same thing as a conditional clause).

Check this out:

Si je n’avais pas tant d’argent, je ne pourrais pas acheter cette voiture. (If I didn’t have so much money, I could not buy this car.)

We start with the conditional clause, si je n’avais pas tant d’argent (if I didn’t have so much money), which is describing something that’s the opposite of what’s happening. By saying that I couldn’t buy the car if I didn’t have so much money, I’m implying I have the money to buy it.

Finally, the result clause describes what would happen if the opposite situation existed: je ne pourrais pas acheter cette voiture (I could not buy this car).

Let’s look at an example where we switch the result and conditional clauses:

Tu n’apprendrais pas le français si tu ne pratiquais pas. (You would not learn French if you didn’t practice.)

Third Conditional Clause

Finally, we have the third conditional clause, which describes events that cannot happen (impossibility). It’s similar to the second conditional clause but with a few key differences.

These events are impossible because they describe something that could’ve happened in the past but didn’t, and obviously we can’t change the past. Since we’re talking about past events, we need the pluperfect in the conditional clause and the past conditional in the result clause.

Let’s see an example:

Si je l’avais vu je me serais arrêté. (If I had seen it I would have stopped.)

Both the conditional clause, si je l’avais vu (if I had seen it), and the result clause, je me serais arrêté (I would have stopped), describe events completely in the past, so they’re impossible to change.

Like in the other two cases, we can switch the result and conditional clauses:

J’aurais dit quelque chose si tu n’étais pas venu. (I would have said something if you had not come.)

Being able to talk about the abstract, the possible or the doubtful is a hallmark of intermediate and advanced French language skills. It’s one of the most fundamental criteria you need to meet in order to move your French beyond the beginner level.

Although it takes a little practice and some memorization, mastering French si clauses will make your French much more flavorful!